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1 commanding elite
1) пол. = authoritative elite2) воен. высшее командование, высшие командные чины, элита командного состава -
2 commanding elite
Военно-политический термин: властная элита -
3 commanding elite
властная элитаEnglish-Russian dictionary of military NATO peacekeeping forces > commanding elite
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4 authoritative elite
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5 властная элита
Politico-military term: commanding elite -
6 TLACATECCATL
tlâcatêccatl, titre. Plur., tlâtlâcatêccah. Sah3,52 et W.Lehmann 1938,216..Général en chef, chef des armées.Militaire de haut rang qui commandait un corps de huit mille hommes (un xiquipilli).Allem., Inhaber einer der 4 höchsten Stellen in Herr und Verwaltung, hatte Fürstenrang.SIS 1952,313.Esp., nombre de una dignitad; gobernador, regente. Garibay Llave 369.Titre porté par le neveu d'Ixtlîlxôchitl, le seigneur de Texcoco, Cihuâcuecuenotzin.W.Lehmann 1938,191.Honor. tlâcatêccatzin, utilisé deux fois dans Sah9,2, pour nommer des Gouverneurs militaires de Tlatelolco." tlâcatêccatl, tlacochcalcatl ", sont décrits dans Sah10,24.A propos des champs de bataille (" in teôâtêmpan in tlachinôltêmpan ") il est dit: " in oncân yôli in oncân tlâcati in tônatiuh înân in tônatiuh îtah in tlâcatêccatl in tlacochalcatl in câtlîtia in quitlamaca in tônatiuh in tlâltêuctli ", c'est là que vit, c'est là que nait la mère, le père du soleil, le général en chef, le général qui donne à boire qui donne à manger au soleil, au seigneur de la terre. Sah6,72." tlâcatêccatl ", le général en chef - the commanding general. Sah9,34. et Sah9,38." tlâcatêuctli, tlacochtêuctli, tlâcatêccatl, tlacochcalcatl ", celui qui commande aux guerriers, celui qui commande aux nobles, le général en chef, le général. Sah6,110." in tlacochcalcatl, in tlâcatêccatl, in tiyahcahuân ", le général, le général en chef, les grands capitaines - the general and the commanding general and the brave warriors. Sah8,51.Nommé également dans Sah9,47:15 en tête d'une liste de soldats d'élite et de hauts fonctionnaires." in ômpa cateh in tlacochcalcatl, in tlâcatêccatl, in ticociahuacatl, tocuiltêcatl, âtempanêcatl ", where were the Tlacochcalcatl, the Tlacateccatl, the Ticociauacatl, theTocuiltecatl, the Atempanecatl. Sah8,77." in tiyahcâhuân tlacochcalcatl tlâcateccatl in înneîxcâhuîl yâôtequi ", les grands capitaines, le général et le général en chef dont la charge est de conduire la bataille - the brave warriors, the generals and the commanding generals whose personel charge was command in war. Sah8,43.Nommé parmi ceux qui conduisent la troupe. Sah8,52." quinnôtz in îpilhuân in motêuczômatzin inic ce citlâlcôâtzin tlacochcalcatl îhuân ihquehuahcatzin tlâcateccatl ", Moctezuma (l'Ancien) a appelé ses nobles, le premier le général Citlalcoatl et le général en chef Ihquehuahcatzin. W.Lehmann 1938,246." in yehhuântin tiyahcâhuân tlâtlacochcalcah tlâtlâcatêccah nimantêohmaca ", les grands capitaines, les généraux et les généraux en chef montraient aux soldats le chemin. Sah8,52." niman ic conquîxôhua in tiyahcâhuân, in îxquichtin cuâcuâchictin, in cuâcuâuhyacah in tlâtlacochcalcah, in tlâtlâcateccah, îhuân in yeh îxquichtin tequihuahqueh, in tlatzonantin, in ôhuelittoqueh, in tiyahcâhuân, in yôllohchicâhuaqueh, in ahmo quitlazohtlah in întzontecon in îmelchiquiuh, in ahmo miquizmâuhqueh, in huêyi înca momotlah in toyâôhuân ", alors on réunit les grands capitaines, tous ceux qui sont tondus, les capitaines prestigieux, les généraux, les généraux en chef et tous ceux qui sont des soldats aguerris, ceux qui sont choisis comme les meilleurs, ceux qui ont plu, les grands capitaines, ceux qui ont un cœur robuste, ceux qui ne tiennent pas à leur tête, à leur poitrine, qui ne craignent pas la mort, ceux qui se jettent sur nos ennemis - danach werden versammelt die Tapferen Krieger, alle Geschorenen, die ersten der Krieger, die aus dem Speerhaus, die aus dem Königshause und die gesamten Häuptlinge, ihren Schädel, ihren Brustkorb nicht Lieben, die den Tod nicht fürchten, mit denen unsere Feinde unversehens zusammen stößen. Sah 1927,179." tlacatêccatl ", le général en chef - the battle ruler, the battle director. Sah12,40." tlâtlâcatêccah ", les généraux en chef - the comanding generals.Sous TLACATECATL, R.Siméon indique: Tribunal composé de trois juges dont le premier portait le nom de " tlacatecatl " les deux autres s'appelaient " quauhnôchtli " et " tlailotlac " (Bét., Clav.). A ce tribunal ressortissait les causes civiles et criminelles.* plur., tlâtlâcatêccah, cités parmi ceux qui sont issus de l'établissement de formation des jeunes guerriers, têlpôchpan. Sah3,59. -
7 TLACOCHCALCATL
tlacochcalcatl, titre. Plur., tlâtlacochcalcah. Sah9,52 et W.Lehmann 1938,216.Militaire de très haut rang, responsable des arsenaux.Souvent choisi parmi les parents du souverain et qui pouvait règner un jour à son tour.G.Baudot. Récits aztéques de la Conquète. Page 387 note 18.El capitan general de todo el reino que se llamaba 'tlacochcalcatl'.Relacion de Tezcoco 36.Apparaît comme titre plutôt que comme nom personnel dans une liste de juges punis par Moctezuma. Sah8,42." tlacochcalcatl cuappiyaztzin ", le général Quappiaztzin. Sah12,9." quinnôtz in îpilhuân in motêuczômatzin inic ce citlâlcôâtzin tlacochcalcatl îhuân ihquehuahcatzin tlâcateccatl ", Moctezuma (l'Ancien) a appelé ses nobles, le premier le général Citlalcoatl et le général en chef Ihquehuahcatzin. W.Lehmann 1938,246.* honorifique, "tlacochcalcatzintli" utilisé 2 fois dans Sah9,2. pour nommer des gouverneurs militaires de Tlatelolco ('general').Allem., Titel für den Inhaber einer der vier höchsten Amststellen. SIS 1952,314.Cité dans une liste de hauts magistrats qui assistaient le souverain dans sa cour de justice. Sah8,55.Nommé parmi les têuctlahtohqueh. Sah8,62." tlacochcalcatl têuctli ", le seigneur général - the lord general.Nommé parmi ceux qui conduisent la troupe. Sah8,52"tlâcatêccatl, tlaccchcalcatl", sont décrits dans Sah10,24." tlâcatêuctli, tlacochtêuctli, tlâcatêccatl, tlacochcalcatl ", celui qui commande aux guerriers, celui qui commande aux nobles, le général en chef, le général. Sah6,110."in ômpa cateh in tlaccchcalcatl, in tlâcatêccatl, in ticociahuacatl, tocuiltêcatl, âtempanêcatl", where were the Tlacochcalcatl, the Tlacateccatl, the Ticociauacatl, the Tocuiltecatl, the Atempanecatl. Sah8,77." tlacochcalcatl ", le général - the general, Sah9,34.Cité par deux fois dans une liste de soldats d'élite et de hauts dignitaires, une premiére fois en seconde position tout de suite après le tlâcatêccatl (Sah9,47: 15) une seconde fois en fin de listesous la forme "tlacochcalcatl têuctli",le seigneur général (Sah9,47:18, the lord general), la même expression se retrouve dans Sah8,52." in tiyahcâhuân tlacochcalcatl tlâcateccatl in înneîxcâhuîl yâôtequi ", les soldats valeureux, le général et le général en chef dont la charge est de conduire la bataille - the brave warriors, the generals and the commanding generals whose personel charge was command in war. Sah8,43.Cité dans Sah8,61 comme le premier des 4 princes qui assistaient le souverain." in tlacochcalcatl, in tlâcatêccatl, in tiyahcahuân ", le général, le général en chef, les grands capitaines - the general and the commanding general and the brave warriors. Sah8,51." tlacochcalcatl têuctli " cité dans Sah8,74. Cf. V.Piho CIA II 282.Cf. Codice Mendocino fol.64." nô ihcuâc quimahcêhua in tôcâitl im mihtoa tlacochcalcatl ahnôzo tlâcatêccatl ", et alors il mérite le titre qu'on appelle tlacochcalcatl ou tlacateccatl - also at that time he won the tittle known as general or commanding general. Sah8,87.*\TLACOCHCALCATL plur., " tlâtlacochcalcah ", les généraux - the generals.Cités parmi ceux auxquels le souverain offre des parures. Sah4,26." niman ic conquîxôhua in tiyahcâhuân, in îxquichtin cuâcuâchictin, in cuâcuâuhyacah in tlâtlacochcalcah, in tlâtlâcateccah, îhuân in yeh îxquichtin tequihuahqueh, in tlatzonantin, in ôhuelittoqueh, in tiyahcâhuân ", alors on réunit les grands capitaines, tous ceux qui sont tondus, les capitaines prestigieux, les généraux, les généraux en chef et tous ceux qui sont des soldats aguerris, ceux qui sont choisis comme les meilleurs, ceux qui ont plu, les grands capitaines.Sah 1927,179.Mentionnés parmi ceux qui sont issus de l'établissement de formation des jeunes guerriers. Sah3,59.Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique > TLACOCHCALCATL
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8 TIYAHCAUH
tiyahcâuh:Soldat valeureux, vaillant soldat.Launey Introd 221.Un paragraphe lui est consacré en Sah10,23." ahzo toquichtli ahzo titiyahcâuh ", peut-être es-tu un homme, peut-être es-tu un guerrier courageux. Sah2,103." cuâuhtli ocêlôtl tiyahcâuh ", Aigle, Jaguar, vaillant soldat. S'adresse au petit enfant qu'on 'baptise'. Sah6,202 (tiacauh)." in tônatiuh in tiyahcâuh in cuâuhtlehuanitl ", le soleil, ce guerrier valeureux, l'aigle qui s'élève. Sah6,58 (tiacauh)." hueyi tiyahcâuhtli tiyahcâuh ", titre de Tzompantzin. SGA II 511.*\TIYAHCAUH au pluriel on ne redouble pas le 'w': tiyahcâhuân." in huehueyi tiyahcâhuân ", les grands capitaines. (And.Dib. 'the great cheftains'), semble désigner le tlâcatêccatl et le tlacochcalcatl, premiers nommés d'une longue liste de soldats d'élite et de hauts fonctionnaires et dignitaires. Sah9,14." quimihua in âchcacâuhtin, chicâhuaqueh in tiyahcâhuân ", il envoie les soldats aguerris qui sont forts, les chefs de guerre. Sah12,21." niman ic conquîxôhuah in tiyahcâhuan. in îxquichtin cuâcuâchictin, in cuâcuâuhyacah in tlâtlacochcalcah, in tlâtlâcatêccah. îhuân in ye îxquichtin tequihuahqueh. in tlatzonantin, in ôhuelittoqueh. in tiyahcâhuân. in yôllohchicâhuaqueh, in ahmo quitlazohtlah in întzontecon in înelchiquiuh, in ahmo miquizmâuhqueh. in huel înca momotlah in toyâôhuân ", danach werden versammelt die tapferen Krieger, alle Geschorenen. die ersten der Krieger, die aus dem Speerhause, die aus dem Königshause und die gesamten Häuptlinge, die ausgzeichnetsten. die an gesehnsten. die mutigen Krieger, die ihren Schädel, ihren Brustkorb nicht lieben, die den Tod nicht fürchten, mit denen unsere Feinde unversehens zusammen stoßen.Sah 1927,179." tiyahcahuân ", les guerriers braves - brave warriors. Sah8,61." in îmezzo in tiyacahuân iuhquin âtl ic totocac, iuhquin ahalacatoc, îhuân xoquiyac ehuatoc in eztli ", le sang des guerriers a coulé comme de l'eau, comme s'il se répandait tout poisseux et l'odeur forte du sang s'est répandue - the blood of the brave wariors ran like water; it was as ifit lay slippery. And a foul odor rose and spread from the blood. Sah12,56." cencah tiyahcâhuân cencah mayahuinih ", très braves, très grands tombeurs d'hommes. Est dit des Aztèques. Sah12,16" quil cencah anchicâhuaqueh antiyahcâhuân ", on dit que vous êtes très forts, que vous êtes très braves. Sah12,16." in tlacochcalcatl, in tlâcatêccatl, in tiyahcahuân ", le général, le général en chef, les grands capitaines - the general and the commanding general and the brave warriors. Sah8,51." in yehhuântin tiyahcâhuân tlâtlacochcalcah. tlâtlâcatêccah niman têohmaca ", les soldats d'élite, les généraux et les généraux en chef montraient aux soldats le chemin. Sah8,52.Voir aussi tiyahcâhuân.Note: peut-être faudrait-il rendre ce terme par soldat d'élite. -
9 TEQUIHUAH
tequihuah, n.possessif sur tequi-tl, plur. tequihuahqueh.Les soldats aguerris, guerriers qui ont obtenu une certaine gloire.Angl., the seasoned warriors. Sah8,61."tequihuahqueh", les guerriers aguerris. Sah2,109."in tiâchcâhuân, in tequihuahqueh", les maitres des jeunes gens et les soldats d'élite.Envoyés en avant garde pour des missions de renseignement. Sah8,51."in tequihuahqueh, in tiyahcâhuân, in oquîchtin", les soldats aguerris, les chefs de guerre, les hommes de guerre. Sah9,34." in mâhuiztîlilônih, in têtêuctin, in âchcacâuhtin, in tequihuahqueh ", ceux qui sont illustres, les princes, les capitaines, les guerriers émérites. Sah6,129."in tlâcatêccatl, in ye mochintin cuâcuâchictin, in otomih, in tequihuahqueh, in tytiâchcâhuân, the commanding general, (and) indeed all the shorn ones, the Otomi (warriors), the seasonedwarriors, the masters of the youths. Sah9,38."auh in yehhuântin centzonhuitznâhuah iuhquin tequihuahqueh catcah", and these centzonhuitznahua were like seasoned warriors. Sah3,2."in tequihuahqueh ye quichixtoqueh", die Häuptlinge erwarteten sie schon. Sah 1927,178."niman ic conquîxôhua in tiyahcâhuan, in ixquichtin cuâcuâchictin, in cuâcuâuhyacah in tlâtlacochcalcah, in tlâtlâcatêccah, îhuân ixquichtin tequihuahqueh, in tlatzonantin, in ôhuelittoqueh, in tiyahcâhuân, in yôllohchicâhuaqueh, in ahmo quitlazohtlah inîntzontecon in înelchiquiuh, in ahmo miquizmâuhqueh, in huel înca momotlah in toyâôhuân", danach werden versammelt die tapferen Krieger, alle Geschorenen, die ersten der Krieger, die aus dem Speerhause, die aus dem Königshause und die gesamten Häuptlinge, die ausgzeichnetsten, die an gesehnsten, die mutigen Krieger, die ihren Schädel, ihren Brustkorb nicht lieben, die den Tod nicht fürchten, mit denen unsere Feinde unversehens zusammen stöβen. Sah 1927,179 = Sah2,122-123.Un paragr. leur est consacré en Sah10,24, le texte espagnolcorrespondant traduit: 'El maestre de campo'."tequihuah îpan moquîxtih", il prit la forme d'un guerrier valeureux- he took the form of a valiant warrior. Sah3,25. -
10 TLACATECATL
tlâcatêcatl, plur. tlatlâcatêcah.1.\TLACATECATL titre accordé au soldat valeureux qui avait fait quatre captifs à la guerre (S).2.\TLACATECATL général qui commandait un corps de 5000 hommes appelé xiquipilli (S).Cf. V.Piho CIA I 282.Dibble Anders. renvoient à Sah2,102 note 3. ainsi qu'à Sah2,114 note 13Il semble s'agir d'une sorte de général en chef.Sah3,55 cite le tlâcatêcatl en compagnie du tlacochcalcatl et du cuâuhtlahtoh, le passage semble indiquer que ces trois commandants (ainsi que l'achcauhtli, assimilé à l'algazil) étaient issus des rangs des jeunes gens élevés au telpochcalli, si du moins ceux ci s'étaient montrés vaillants (oquichti) et s'ils avaient fait (au moins) quatre captifs au combatRien n'indique dans ce texte qu'il aurait suffit de faire quatre captifs pour avoir droit au titre et au rang de tlâcatêcatl.Le plus vraissemblable est que cet exploit les élevait au rang de tiyahcâuh (soldat d'élite) et que c'est parmi les " tiyahcâhuân " qu'étaient choisis les hauts responsables militaires.Sah8,43 dit que le " tlâcatêcatl " en compagnie du " tlacochcalcatl " réside au " tequihuahcâcalli " encore nommé " cuâuhcalli ".II est dit d'eux: " in tiyahcahuân tlacochcalcatl tlâcatêcatl inneîxcahuil yaotequi ", le propre des capitaines, du tlacochcalcatl et du tlacatecatl était de conduire la guerre - the generals and commanding generals whose personnal charge was command in war.3.\TLACATECATL titre que portaient les gouverneurs militaires de Tlatelolco. Anales de Tlatelolco f. 2v. (tlacatecatl).C'est aussi le titre que porte Tehuitzin pendant les 8 ans d'interrègne où il exerce le pouvoir sur Quauhtitlan. W.Lehmann 1938,128 paragr. 341 (tlacatecatl - Feldherr).Peut-être ne s'agit-il que d'une variante de tlâcatêccatl -
11 Socialist Party / Partido Socialista
(PS)Although the Socialist Party's origins can be traced back to the 1850s, its existence has not been continuous. The party did not achieve or maintain a large base of support until after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Historically, it played only a minor political role when compared to other European socialist parties.During the Estado Novo, the PS found it difficult to maintain a clandestine existence, and the already weak party literally withered away. Different groups and associations endeavored to keep socialist ideals alive, but they failed to create an organizational structure that would endure. In 1964, Mário Soares, Francisco Ramos da Costa, and Manuel Tito de Morais established the Portuguese Socialist Action / Acção Socialista Português (ASP) in Geneva, a group of individuals with similar views rather than a true political party. Most members were middle-class professionals committed to democratizing the nation. The rigidity of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) led some to join the ASP.By the early 1970s, ASP nuclei existed beyond Portugal in Paris, London, Rome, Brussels, Frankfurt, Sweden, and Switzerland; these consisted of members studying, working, teaching, researching, or in other activities. Extensive connections were developed with other foreign socialist parties. Changing conditions in Portugal, as well as the colonial wars, led several ASP members to advocate the creation of a real political party, strengthening the organization within Portugal, and positioning this to compete for power once the regime changed.The current PS was founded clandestinely on 19 April 1973, by a group of 27 exiled Portuguese and domestic ASP representatives at the Kurt Schumacher Academy of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Bad Munstereifel, West Germany. The founding philosophy was influenced by nondogmatic Marxism as militants sought to create a classless society. The rhetoric was to be revolutionary to outflank its competitors, especially the PCP, on its left. The party hoped to attract reform-minded Catholics and other groups that were committed to democracy but could not support the communists.At the time of the 1974 revolution, the PS was little more than an elite faction based mainly among exiles. It was weakly organized and had little grassroots support outside the major cities and larger towns. Its organization did not improve significantly until the campaign for the April 1975 constituent elections. Since then, the PS has become very pragmatic and moderate and has increasingly diluted its socialist program until it has become a center-left party. Among the party's most consistent principles in its platform since the late 1970s has been its support for Portugal's membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Union (EU), a view that clashed with those of its rivals to the left, especially the PCP. Given the PS's broad base of support, the increased distance between its leftist rhetoric and its more conservative actions has led to sharp internal divisions in the party. The PS and the Social Democratic Party (PSD) are now the two dominant parties in the Portuguese political party system.In doctrine and rhetoric the PS has undergone a de-Marxification and a movement toward the center as a means to challenge its principal rival for hegemony, the PSD. The uneven record of the PS in general elections since its victory in 1975, and sometimes its failure to keep strong legislative majorities, have discouraged voters. While the party lost the 1979 and 1980 general elections, it triumphed in the 1983 elections, when it won 36 percent of the vote, but it still did not gain an absolute majority in the Assembly of the Republic. The PSD led by Cavaco Silva dominated elections from 1985 to 1995, only to be defeated by the PS in the 1995 general elections. By 2000, the PS had conquered the commanding heights of the polity: President Jorge Sampaio had been reelected for a second term, PS prime minister António Guterres was entrenched, and the mayor of Lisbon was João Soares, son of the former socialist president, Mário Soares (1986-96).The ideological transformation of the PS occurred gradually after 1975, within the context of a strong PSD, an increasingly conservative electorate, and the de-Marxification of other European Socialist parties, including those in Germany and Scandinavia. While the PS paid less attention to the PCP on its left and more attention to the PSD, party leaders shed Marxist trappings. In the 1986 PS official program, for example, the text does not include the word Marxism.Despite the party's election victories in the mid- and late-1990s, the leadership discovered that their grasp of power and their hegemony in governance at various levels was threatened by various factors: President Jorge Sampaio's second term, the constitution mandated, had to be his last.Following the defeat of the PS by the PSD in the municipal elections of December 2001, Premier Antônio Guterres resigned his post, and President Sampaio dissolved parliament and called parliamentary elections for the spring. In the 17 March 2002 elections, following Guterres's resignation as party leader, the PS was defeated by the PSD by a vote of 40 percent to 38 percent. Among the factors that brought about the socialists' departure from office was the worsening post-September 11 economy and disarray within the PS leadership circles, as well as charges of corruption among PS office holders. However, the PS won 45 percent of the vote in parliamentary elections of 2005, and the leader of the party, José Sócrates, a self-described "market-oriented socialist" became prime minister.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Socialist Party / Partido Socialista
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